CCOSMOLOGICAL MODELS
=================
John Pazmino
NYSkies Astronomu Inc
nyskies@nyskies.org
www.nyskies.org
1994 July 27 initial
2020 July 12 current
Recent Astronomy Seminar
----------------------
The Recent Astronomy Seminar was a twice-monthly discussion group
of astronomers in the New York area. It was conducted by the Amateur
Astronomers Association in Yorkville, Manhattan, thruout the year,
rain or shine.
Topics were drawn from the current litterature and experiences of
the members. Many sessions feature handouts, slides and videos, and
computer demonstrations and simulations.
In January 2005 the Seminar was converted to a 'members-only'
function. These meetings were no longer announced thru NYC Events,
NYSkies yahooogroup or other public medium. 1By summer 2005 the
seminar skipped posting sessions for the coming fall season. and was
terminated as an Association function.
NYSkies Astronomy Seminar
----------------------
In March 2005 NYSkies began its own series of astronomy meetings
for local astronomers. It is free and open to the public, the NYSkies
Astronomy Seminar. The sessions convened in Chelsea, Manhattan, on the
first and third Thursdays of each month. Topics are drawn from the
current litterature and experiences of the members. Sessions may
feature handouts, topical talks, slides and other visuals, and
demonstrations and simulations.
Notices of the meetings are in NYC Events, the NYSkies monthly
roster of astronomy and related activities in New York, This was at
first issued in the NYSkies yahoogroup and several astronomy Internet
newsgroups.
NYC Events, with the Seminar announcements, shifted to the NYSkies
web on October 2007 but remained in the newsgroups until about 2010.
With the global attraction of the web, the newsgroup posting of NYC
Events was ended. The Seminar now meets, on first and third Fridays of
every month, on 14th Street bordering Chelsea and Greenwich Village,
Manhattan.
Details about the NYSkies Astronomy Seminar are at
www.nyskies.org/seminar.htm
In addition to NYC Events, meeting notices are sent to astronomers thru
a separate mailing list several days before each session. The notice
describes the topics and sometimes offer late-breaking astronomy news.
'Cosmological Models' Paper
-------------------------
This paper on cosmology is a living textbook based on the debates,
comments, discussions, announcements at NYSkies Astronomy Seminar
meetings, starting in March 2005. Prior to then, until the fall 2004
edition, it was released at the Recent Astronomy Seminar of Amateur
Astronomers Association.
Discs with files for the paper were distributed to the members
only at the Seminar. Any astronomer may stop in at the next Seminar
meeting and get the latest edition during the distribution season.
Issuance by Internet email was limited due to the slow speed
connections still in wide use then.
Altho the paper is continuously revised, new discs were
distributed only twice per year near the equinoctes. The first was
handed out in September 1994 and continued until the treatise was
uploaded into the new NYSkies yahoogroup in march 2001.
'Cosmological Models' Disc
------------------------
The computer disc for 'Cosmological Models' was a standard 90mm
hi-density stiffy disc with 1.44 megabyte capacity for use in IBM
operating systems. Some The fisc contents erre plain textfiles with no
peculiar chars or sodes embedded in them. The files could be viewed
and printed thru a word-processing software.
The disc contained the complete paper with each chapter held in a
separate textfile. The filenames were shown in the table of contents
in the file '00100.txt'. You replaced just the revised files, as
indicated by the filedates in the directory listing. New files whose
dates match or precede those on your old disc can be disregarded.
' Cosmological Models' in NYSkies
------------------------------
The NYSkies yahoogroup opened in January 2001 for a rapid
announcment service and discussion forum among New York astronomers.
One of the earlier features of the NYSkies uahoogroup was the
uploading in March 2001 of the 'Cosmological Models' disc into its
article section. Then after the disc itself was no longer handed out.
The yahoogroup collapsed in Septembr 2001, a colllateral vicitim
of the World Trade Center attacks. It was revived later in September
2001 with most of its contents restored, including the 'Csomological
Models' disc. A notice in the yahoogroup called attention to new or
revised files.
Over the years the 'Cosmological Models' paper expanded to cover
important, but poorly treated, subjects relating to cosmology. Along
the way the files were increasingly disorganized and fell into severe
need of massive reworking. In fall of 2017 this work began by first
combining associated short files into a single larger one and
clarifying the notation in maths. The first new portions, now loaded
into the NYSkies web, cover special relativity, general relativity,
gravity, and blackholes. The progress is slow but steady.
Announcements of new material are posted in the NYSkies yahoogroup.
The files were revised or added irregularly since 2001. The
initial date, posted above, of 1994 July 27 is that of the earliest
surviving set of textfiles. When any one of the newly revamped files
is modified, its modification date becomes the current date, entered
above, for the entire treatise.
The original collection of 'Cosmological Models' files is no
longer updated. As they are gathered into the new chapters they are
archived in their final state.
Introduction
----------
This treatise on cosmological models does contain dense
letterpress and maths. The paper aims to give the home astronomer a
sound and proper tuition in cosmology, beyond the mish-mash of facts
and stories so commonly offered to them. Cosmology, while attractive
to home astronomers, is not a simple or easy subject to understand.
The text and equations are an integral feature of learning cosmology.
They do call for close attention.
Conversance in first-year college maths and astronomy is presumed
in order to follow this treatise of the cosmological models. The maths
freely use algebra. calculus, geometry, and trginometry.
Due to typographic constraints, all maths are written in a BASIC
or FORTRAN style without the fancy symbols of typeset works. .Formulae
and equations are written as one line, sometimes with wrap to a second
line, like extra-long web addresses. You may have to knit the lines
together.
Certain operations are treated like functions. For example
'1der(x,y)' means 'first derivative of x relative to y'. Symbols are
written out. 'SIGMA' means 'large-sigma' and 'sigma' means 'small-
sigma'. When a derivation or conversion is discussed, each step is set
out, not just the end result.
Table of Contents
--------------
This treatise consists of separate chapters, each a separate file.
Because chapters may avail of mateial in previous chapters, the files
should be studied in sequence within each series, between the '- - - '
separators.
- - - - - - - - - -
NEWTON'S UNIVERSE -- Newton's Universe - Early Problems - Impossible
World - Gravitation under Newton - Definition of Force - Two
Interpretations of Field Strength
EINSTEIN'S UNIVERSE -- Cosmological Principle - Newton versus Einstein
Physics - The Lambda Force - The Acceleration of the Universe -
Energy of the Universe - Friedmann Model - The Standard or Classical
Model - Hubble Parameter - Hubble Time - The Redshift in Galactic
Spectra - Expansion or Hubble Redshift - Time Dilation - Hubble
Expansion vs Recession Velocity - What's Going On Here? - Milne &
McCrea's Trick - 17th Century Cosmology? - Misinterpretations
COSMOLOGY APPLICATIONS -- Scalefactor Function of Time - True Age of
the Universe - Deceleration Parameter - Density Parameter -
Radius of the Universe - Mass of the Universe - Is the Universe a
Blackhole? - Proper or Einstein Distance - Hubble Horizon -- Enclosed
Volume - Light Travel or Lookback Time -Inverse-Square Law -
Spectroillumination - Hubble Expansion of lambda - Magnitude-Distance
Relation - Angular Diameter - Angular Spectroillumination
GEOMETRY OF TH UNIVERSE -- NonEuclides Geometry - Geometric curvature -
Anngles of a Triangles - Curvature of the Universe - Nonzero k -
Gravitational Curvature - Bending of Starlight - Curvature in Strong
Graviry - The R,t Graph - Preparing the Scenarios - k = 0, q = 1/2,
rho0 = rho@ - k = -1, q < 1/2, rho0 < rho@ - k = +1, q > 1/2,
rho0 > rho@ - Capitulation
THE EARLY UNIVERSE - - The Early Universe - The Singularity of the
Bigbang - Geometrical and Physical Cosmology - No Antimatter? - Matter
-Antimatter Ratio - Abundance of the Elements - Helium in the Universe
- Origin of the Helium - Nucleogenesis - Table of Particles -Table of
Interactions - Initial Conditions - Conservation Rules - Interaction
Flowchart - Other Reaction Chains - WWhy Stop at Helium? - The Neutron
Decay - The Relics of the Bigbang
STEADY STATE UNIVERSE -- Steady State Universe - Furtherance of the
Bigbang Theory - Age Problem with the Bigbang - Singularity Problem
with the Bigbang - Perfect Cosmological Principle - Hubble Parameter -
Redshift - Density of the Universe - Proper or Einstein Distance -
Luminosity Distance - Angular Diameter - Curvature of Space -
Deceleration Parameter - Comparison with Acceleration/Energy -
Continuous Creation - Nature of New Matter - Formation of Galaxies -
Minibangs - Cosmic Microwave Radiation - Helium Abundance -- No
Cosmology? - Closing Remarks
HISTORICAL COSMOLOGIES -- Historical Models of the Universe -
Diversity of Cosmological Models - Einstein (Original) Universe -
deSitter Universe - Einstein-deSitter Universe - Eddington Universe -
leMaitre Universe - Tolman (Oscillating) Universe - leMaitre-Tolman
Universe - Milne Universe - Dirac Universe - Alpher-Bethe-Gamow
Universe - 'Bigbang' - Bondi-Gold (Steady State) Universe - Godel
Universe - Alfven-Klein Universe - Arp Universe - Hoyle-Narlikar
Universe - Brans-Dicke Universe - deWitt (Many-Worlds) Universe -
Guth (Inflationary) Universe
- - - - - - - - - -
SPECIAL RELATIVITY -- Einstein's Physics of Relativity - Time and
Space-- Spacetime -Natural Gravity - Inertial Platform or Frame -
Impossibilty of Absolute Rest - The Speed of Light - Maxwell's Laws--
Michelson-Morley Experiment - Laws of Physics - The Term 'Speed of
Light' -Comparing Clocks-- The Scenario - Equation of Motion - Home
and Target Frame - Spacetime Interval - Four Roads to Follow -The
Newton Road - Einstein's Mistake? - Behavior of Time - Why Is this
Case Wrong? - Einstein's Solution - Time Dilation - The Barrier of c
- The Fourth Case
RELATIVITY APPLICATIONS -- Doppler's Debacle - Absurd Doppler Speeds -
Fizeau's Fixup -Frequency and Wavelength - The Historical Blunder -
Reality versus Perception -Observed Time DIlation - Einstein and
Doppler-Fizeau - The Low-Velocity Approximation - The Missing Step -
Space Travel Near c - Twin Paradox - Simultaneous Events - Spacetime
Interval for Simultaneous Events - Platforms Can Not Agree -
Simultaneous in Space and Time - Lorentz Transformation - Addition of
Velocities -Comparison with Newton - Fizeau's Experiments --Shift of
Platforms
GENERAL RELATIVITY -- Energy and Mass - dePretto's Ideas - Rest Mass--
Conservation Law - Mass into Energy - Energy into Mass-- Electron-volt
-Critiques - Atomic Bombs - Atomic Power - Recycling of Fuel - New
York Els -Mass Increase - Early ideas - Relativistic Mass - Mass-
Energy Equation --- No Real Increase of Mass - Invariant Mass
GRAVITY -- A Bit of Newton Physics - Ideal Spherical Body - Gravity
Outside a Spherical Shell - Gravity Inside a Spherical Shell -Gravity
Field within a Solid Globe - Range of Applicability - Nonspherical
Bodies - No Defense Against Gravity -Gravity is Cumulative - Gravity
Field Strength - A Useful Equivalence - Gravity Work and Energy -
Gravitational Potential Energy - Gravity Well - Escape Velocity
BLACKHOLES -- Schwarzschild Blackhole - Idealized Blackhole - Spacetime
with Mass - Schwarzschild Surface or Radius - Schwarzschild
Spacetime Schwarzschild Blackhole - Idealized Blackhole -
Space tEquation - The Safe Frame - No Change of Gravity Regime -
Time Dilation versus Distance - Nonsymmetrical Nonreciprocal Relation
- Tests of Schwarzschild Spacetime - Redshift of Spectral Lines -
ercury's Orbit Precession - Bending of Starlight - Astronomers Neglect
Relativity - Features of Schwarzschild Spacetime - Near the
Schwarzschild Surface - Length and Mass near a Blackhole - Geometry
near the Schwarzschild Surface - Thermodynamics and Blackholes - The
Singularity - Newton Escapes the Singularity - Einstein Mandates the
Singularity
- - - - - - - - - -
LECTROMAGNETIC RRADIATION -- Electromagnetic Radiation - Frequency versus
Wwavelength - Irregular Jargon - Electric Charge - Electric Field - Magnetic
Poles and fields - Ampere and Faraday - Lenz Effect - Lines of Force - Lines
of Force -Gauss's Law for Charge - Gauss's Law for Poles - Maxell's Equations -
Gauss's Law for Mass - Maxwell's Waves - mu0 and epsilon0 - Where's the
Medium? - Refraction of Light - Cherenkov Effect - Propogation of EMW -
Energy of a Field - Energy in EMW - Root Mean Square - Electric Field
Overwhelms - Irradiation - Sun's Irradiation
THERMODYNAMICS -- Human Use of Heart - Temperature - Nature of Heat- Laws
of Thermodynamics - Second Law of Thermodynamics - Carnot Limit for Work -
No Work from a Single Temperature - Clausius Entropy - Actual heat Engines -
Boltzmann Entropy - ArroW of Time - Sun as a Heat Engine - Entropy from
Starlight - Entropy and Energy in CMB -CMB versus Starlight - Number Density
as Entropy - Blackholes
- - - - - - - - - -